The absence of BC was determined by including women with BIRADS 1, 2, and 3 only. The second group (control) comprised women who attended the hospital for annual mammography screening and were matched by age with the survivor group. Patients with known type 2 diabetes, hypertension, kidney or hepatic failure, or any other chronic disease, which the research group considered could modify the variables under study, were excluded from participating in the study. The first included women with breast cancer diagnostic at the follow-up, with at least one year without any BC-related chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, or surgery, who attended regular oncology appointments a review of their medical files was carried out in order to obtain general data and define all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The investigations included women between 40 and 65 years of age who were categorized in two groups. Participants were recruited at the General Regional Hospital 251 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). Therefore, our hypothesis was that VAI, a specific marker of central adiposity, as well as metabolic syndrome components are higher in BC survivors than in matched controls.Ī case-control cross-sectional study was performed. It is not clear, nevertheless, how visceral adiposity changes upon the development of BC and its therapeutic process. Furthermore, these patients experience adverse effects induced by chemotherapy or radiation, including increased fat mass, adding to nausea, vomiting, energy loss, fatigue, and muscle mass loss. īreast cancer survivors with high fat mass have a higher risk of relapse and developing cancer in other parts of the body as well.

VAI has been associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, particularly in men and advanced age such an association is not reported for WC and BMI.

Interestingly, visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a marker of adipose tissue dysfunction, which comprises physical and biochemical parameters such as WC, BMI, triacylglycerols (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). This parameter cannot differentiate between visceral and peripheral fat. In the majority of studies, obesity is ascertained resorting to BMI. Moreover, the conditions above are characterized by a chronic inflammatory state, and obesity can promote further inflammation in cancer by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the relationship between BC and obesity is complex, as both are influenced by age, menopause, and the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors.

The risk of developing cancer increases 1.6 times with a high body mass index (BMI) and the presence of visceral adiposity. Types of fat include visceral central and peripheral subcutaneous. Obesity is the excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue, with a positive energy imbalance and weight gain. Some of these risk factors are related to insulin resistance and obesity. Smoking, fat-rich diet, high estrogen levels, obesity, alcohol consumption, hormone therapy, advanced maternal age, and late menopause are some of the known breast cancer risk factors. Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequent neoplasm among the general population worldwide, only surpassed by lung cancer however, it is the first cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women.

Word for mac version 15.63